RESEARCH ARTICLE
Copyright © 2018 American Scientific Publishers
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Journal of
Bionanoscience
Vol. 12, 1–5, 2018
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel
(Organic–Inorganic) Nanofluids for Antibacterial,
Antifungal and Heat Transfer Applications
Naheda Humood Al-Garah1, Farhan Lafta Rashid2, Aseel Hadi3, and Ahmed Hashim4_ ?
1University of Babylon, College of Dentistry, Department of Physics, Iraq
2University of Kerbala, College of Engineering, Department of Petroleum, Iraq
3University of Babylon, College of Materials, Department of Ceramics and Building Materials, Iraq
4University of Babylon, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Department of Physics, Iraq
Nanofluids have many applications for modern industries such as: thermal energy storage and
release for heating/cooling systems, antibacterial and antifungal for medical applications. Thus,
this paper aims to preparation of novel nanofluids have highly antibacterial and antifungal activities
to prevent the bacterial and fungal presence for biomedical applications. Also, it have high
quality for thermal energy storage and release for heating/cooling of buildings. The (PEG-PVP-TiCH2O)
nanofluids are fabricated with different weight percentages of polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl
pyrrolidone and titanium carbide nanoparticles. The titanium carbide nanoparticle was added to
(PEG-PVP-H2O) fluid with different concentrations of (0, 4, 8 and 12) wt.%. The optical properties
and thermal conductivity of nanofluids have been investigated. The experimental results showed
that the transmittance of (PEG-PVP-H2O) fluid decreases and the absorbance increases with the
increase of TiC nanoparticles concentrations. The thermal conductivity of (PEG-PVP-H2O) fluid
is increased with the increase of TiC nanoparticles concentrations. The biomedical applications
have been included the antifungal and antibacterial activities of nanofluids which are tested against
aspergillus, bacillus and streptococcus organisms. Results of test showed the (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O)
nanofluids have high antifungal and antibacterial activities. The inhibition zone diameter of antifungal
and antibacterial tests increases with the increase of TiC nanoparticles concentrations. The
prepared nanofluids tested for storage of thermal energy and release, the results found the melting
and solidification times are decreased with the increase of TiC nanoparticles concentrations.
The (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids have high antifungal and antibacterial activities for gram positive
organisms and gram negative organisms. Also, the (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids have high
thermal storage for heating/cooling systems.
Keywords: Biomedical, Energy Storage, Heat Transfer, Nanofluids, Titanium Carbide.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nanofluids can be considered as a new kind of fluids prepared
by squandering (nanometer-sized) materials such as
nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanofibers_ _ _ etc. in base-fluids.
Nanofluids are two-phase systems with one phase which is
solid phase in another liquid phase. They have enhanced
thermal properties such as thermal conductivity and diffusivity,
viscosity, and heat transfer coefficients if compared
to those of base fluids such as water or oil. It has
large prospect applications in considerable fields. The secular
variation of energy source and energy demands made
?Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
needful the evolution of storage system. The saving of
thermal energy in the form of sensible and latent heat has
become an important part of thermal energy management
with the confirmation on efficient use and saving of solar
energy in industry and buildings. A good performances of
thermal aspects of nanofluids (PCMs) denoted that they
have a prospect for replacing classic PCMs in cool storage
applications. Energy due to solar is one of the best type
of sustainable energy with low environmental effect. Now
a day, this technology has been collected with the emerging
technology aspects of nanofluids and suspensions of
liquid-nanoparticle to make a new type of nanofluid used
in solar collectors. Some types of nanoparticles can be use
as antibacterial activities or drug-transmission properties.1
J. Bionanosci. 2018, Vol. 12, No. xx 1557-7910/2018/12/001/005 doi:10.1166/jbns.2018.1538 1
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel (Organic–Inorganic) Nanofluids Al-Garah et al.
Energy costs have climbed rapidly in the last decade and
there is giant need for new types of heating/cooling fluids,
to improve heating system duty and to reduce equipment
size and energy consumption rates. Nanofluids are
new seed heat transfer fluids for various industrial and
automotive employment because of their superior thermal
performance. Despite of these nanofluids have interesting
potential and can be used to substitute popular fluids for
advanced thermal applications, however they are still in the
early stages of development.2 Some popular applications
are:3 cooling of engine, gas recovery of boiler exhaust
flue, electronic circuit cooling, cooling of nuclear system,
thermal storage, and bio-medical application. Antimicrobial
agents like antibiotics have been widely used to hold
or kill microorganisms. The mechanisms that underlie the
growth of bacterial resistances to antimicrobial agents and
resistance mechanisms of grade bacterial into three groups
(three defense lines) as shown in Figure 1: the first defense
line is bacterial biofilms, the cell wall, cell membrane and
encased efflux pumps including the second defense line,
finally, bactericides get into the bacterial cells, intracellular
biochemistry and genetic responses perform an important
role in resistances and are considered as the third line
of defense.4 In general, the infectious diseases development
poses a dangerous impendence to health, particularly
with the antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains development.
Both positive and negative-Gram bacterial strains are intellect
to present a major assembly health problem. For the
last years, antibiotics have been used to monitoring infections
due to both community and hospital environments.
Current profits in the field of nano-biotechnology, especially
the capability to supply metal oxide nanomaterials of
Fig. 1. Schematic representation for the three-defense lines mechanism.4
particular shape and size.5 This paper aims to preparation
of novel nanofluids have highly antibacterial and antifungal
activities to prevent the bacterial and fungal presence
for biomedical applications. Also, it have high quality for
thermal energy storage and release for heating/cooling of
buildings and low cost.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The fluids of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polyvinyl pyrrolidone
(PVP) polymer blend as phase change materials are
prepared by dissolving 0.5 gm of polymers (50 wt.%
PEG and 50 wt.% PVP) in 30 ml of distilled water by
using magnetic stirrer to mix the polymers to obtain more
homogeneous solution. The TiC nanoparticles are added
each one to PCM fluids mixture with different concentrations
are (0, 4, 8 and 12) wt.%. The optical properties
of nanofluids are measured by using the double beam
spectrophotometer (shimadzu, UV-1800 ?) in wavelength
(220–800) nm. The thermal energy storage and release of
nanofluids PCMs include analyzing the melting and solidification
characteristics during heating and cooling processes.
The water and nanofluids PCMs were used as the
heat transfer nanofluid, whose temperature can be varied
from 30 _C to 100 _C with stirrer and measuring the temperature
of nanofluids during the heating and cooling processes
by digital device. The antibacterial and antifungal
activities of (PEG-PVP-TiC) nanofluids PCMs tested samples
was examined using a disc diffusion method. The
antibacterial and antifungal activities of nanofluids were
done by using fungus organisms, gram positive organisms
and gram negative organisms are aspergillus, bacillus
and streptococcus organisms. The fungus organisms,
2 J. Bionanosci. 12, 1–5, 2018
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Al-Garah et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel (Organic–Inorganic) Nanofluids
gram positive organisms and gram negative organisms
were cultured in Muller-Hinton medium. The (PEG-PVPTiC)
nanofluids were placed over the media and incubated
at 37 _C for 24 hours. The inhibition zone diameter of the
(PEG-PVP-TiC) nanofluids was measured.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The transmittance spectra of the (PEG-PVP-TiC) nanofluids
are presented in Figure 2. The major absorption, corresponds
to excitation of electron from conduction bands
to the valance, is used to define the value and nature of
the optical band cavity. The maximum transmittance is
0.61 at _ = 800 nm in visible region and low transmittance
in the UV-region for (PEG-PVP) blend and had a
slightly increased in the visible region. In generally, it
can be interpreted that single photons with energy greater
than the materials band cavity that will be absorbed more
and that of extended wavelength will push through (or
transmitted) having simply adequate energy to excite electrons.
This means that light can be transmitted in wavelength
regions confined by the band gap. Figure 2 shows
that there is a slight decrease in transmission with raised
of TiC concentration for nanoparticles doping, this may
be demonstrate in terms of a cross linking reduction, the
light transmission will decreases and light absorption will
increases as shown in Figure 3. It is obviously that the
transmittance displays a ramp decrease at high spectrum
photon energy, pointing out the strong absorption bands
existence in the UV-region. The photon energy corresponding
to the minimum transmittance at the wavelength _ =
220 nm besides from the graphs it is observed that the
maximum absorption peaks are corresponding to the minimum
transmittance peaks. The absorption of an optical
medium can be sometimes quantified in terms of the
optical density which is sometimes called the absorbance
(Fig. 3). The measurement of the essential absorption edge
supplies a standard method for the implementing of optically
induced electronic transitions and can supplies some
conception about the band structure and energy cavity
in both (crystalline and non-crystalline) materials. Finally
Fig. 2. Transmittance spectra of the (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids.
Fig. 3. Absorbance spectra of the (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids.
Bacillus Aspergillus
Fig. 4. Images of bacteria organisms and fungus organisms.
increase in absorption may be respected as onset of optical
inter band transition.6 The increase in absorption is
mainly due to the increase in TiC nanoparticles concentration
causing more and more inter-/intrahydrogen bonding.
This can be enlightened more by using Beer’s law
which states that the absorption of radiation is directly
proportional to the number of absorbing molecules in the
sample. The shift witnessed in the absorption edge of the
doped (PEG-PVP) blend is essentially due to the variation
in crystalline parameters which in turn changes the
energy band gap.7 The behavior of absorbance with wavelength
consistent with the results of papers.8–12 The photo
images of bacteria and fungus organisms is shown in
Fig. 5. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O)
nanofluids against gram-positive organisms and gram-negative organisms
and fungus organisms.
J. Bionanosci. 12, 1–5, 2018 3
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel (Organic–Inorganic) Nanofluids Al-Garah et al.
Fig. 6. Antifungal activity of (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids against
aspergillus organisms.
Figure 4 which are used in this paper. Figure 5 shows the
antibacterial and antifungal properties of (PEG-PVP-TiC)
nanofluids against fungus organisms, gram-positive organisms
and gram-negative organisms are aspergillus, bacillus
and streptococcus organisms. This figure presents that the
inhibition zone is increases with increasing the nanoparticles
concentrations. Small nanoparticles were able to
be the most worthy of piercing in bacteria cell bodies
involvement with cell membranes, and sequent. The
nanoparticles electrostatic interaction with positive zeta
potential and surfaces of negatively charged bacteria withdraw
the particles to the bacteria and elevate penetration
into the membrane. Generation of reactive oxygen
species is also a roughly universally qualified mechanism
of nanoparticle antibacterial activity. The physical
existence of a nanoparticle extreme likely ruptured cell
membranes in a manner of dose-dependent.13 The potential
mechanism of work is, the metal nanoparticles are
holding the positive charges and the microbes holding
the negative charges which generate the electromagnetic
attraction between the nanoparticles and the microbes.
After the attraction process, the microbes will be oxidized
and die immediately. In general, the nanomaterials
emitting ions that react with the thiol groups (–SH)
Fig. 7. Antibacterial activity of (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids
against bacillus organisms.
Fig. 8. Antibacterial activity of (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids
against streptococcus organisms.
Fig. 9. Thermal conductivity of (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids.
of the proteins sitting on the bacterial cell surface which
driving to cell lysis.14 Figure 9 presents the values of
thermal conductivity for (PEG-PVP-TiC) nanofluids for
different TiC nanoparticles concentrations. As shown in
figure, the thermal conductivity increases with increase
the titanium carbide nanoparticles, this behavior made a
strong structure of network chain, that execute as heat
conduction routes presenting anomalously higher thermal
conductivity raised if compared to the Maxwell model.15
Figures 10 and 11 display the melting and solidification
Fig. 10. Melting curves of (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids.
4 J. Bionanosci. 12, 1–5, 2018
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Al-Garah et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel (Organic–Inorganic) Nanofluids
Fig. 11. Solidification curves of (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids.
curves for (PEG-PVP-TiC) nanofluids, respectively. The
time of melting and solidification decreases with inserting
nanoparticles concentrations of TiC, This a good criteria
to evolve the entire thermal conductivity of (PEG-PVP)
nanofluid. Energy storage and release average are substantial
signals to increase the efficiency of heat transfer.
The decrease of melting and solidification time related
to improve the thermal conductivity. The (PEG-PVP-TiC)
nanofluids can be take into consideration as energy storage
material to save relief domestic environment.16–20
4. CONCLUSIONS
1—The transmittance decreases and absorbance increases
of (PEG-PVP-H2O) fluid with increasing of titanium carbide
nanoparticles concentrations.
2—The thermal conductivity of (PEG-PVP-H2O)
fluid increases with increasing of TiC nanoparticles
concentrations.
3—The (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids have high antifungal
and antibacterial activities for gram positive organisms
and gram negative organisms.
4—The (PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids have high
thermal storage for heating/cooling systems. The
(PEG-PVP-TiC-H2O) nanofluids can be take into consideration
as energy storage material to save relief domestic
environment.
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Received: xx Xxxx xxxx. Accepted: xx Xxxx xxxx.
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