antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic potential and
cytotoxic activity of salvadora persica : a review
sabreen a kamal1, ghaidaa jihadi mohammed2, imad hadi hameed3
1department of biology, college of science for women, university of babylon, hillah city, iraq,
2department of biology, college of science, university of al-qadisiyah, hillah city, iraq,
3biomedical science department, university of babylon, college of nursing, hillah city, iraq
abstract
salvadora persica is a popular teeth cleaning stick throughout the arabian peninsula, as well as the wider
muslim world. also commonly referred to as miswak. s. persica exhibited significant antimicrobial activity
against both aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria collected from teeth by different researchers in the various
parts of world. dental plaque is a general term used for the diverse microbial community (predominantly
bacteria) found on the tooth surface, embedded in a matrix of polymers of bacterial and salivary origin.
plaque develops naturally on teeth, and forms part of the defense systems of the host by helping to prevent
colonization of enamel by exogenous (and often pathogenic) microorganisms (colonization resistance).
s. persica is found to be a multipurpose plant and possesses several agro-pharmaceutical applications.
toothbrushes prepared from the roots and small branches of s. persica, to be highly useful as maintainer
of teeth. plant possess anti-microbial, anti-plaque, aphrodisiac, alexiteric, analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
anti-pyretic, astringent, diuretic and bitter stomachic activities. it has great medicinal use in the treatment
of nose troubles, piles, scabies, leucoderma, scurvy, gonorrhea, boils and toothache, to treat hook worm,
venereal diseases, for teeth cleaning, in rheumatism, cough and asthma, to lower cholesterol plasma levels,
reestablishment of the components of gastric mucosa, and as a laxative.
keyword: salvadora persica, a review, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic.
corresponding author:
imad hadi hameed
biomedical science department, university of babylon,
college of nursing, hillah city, iraq phone number:
009647716150716 e-mail: imad_dna@yahoo.com
introduction
meswak (salvadora persica) is one of the most
commonly used medicinal plants for oral hygiene
among global muslim community. salvadora persica
has antiurolithiatic properties. used for centuries as
a natural toothbrush, its fibrous branches have been
promoted by the world health organization for oral
hygiene use. research suggests that it contains a number
of medically beneficial properties including abrasives,
antiseptics, astringent, detergents, enzyme inhibitors,
and fluoride 1-17. previous studies have reported that s.
persica extracts were effective against streptococcus
mutans and streptococcus faecalis, even using low
extract concentrations. plaque is found preferentially
at protected and stagnant surfaces, and these are at
the greatest risk of disease. moreover, the attachment,
growth, removal and reattachment of bacteria to the
tooth surface18-23 are a continuous and dynamic process.
dental plaque, biofilms of microorganisms on tooth
surface, plays an important role in the development of
caries and periodontal disease.
antimicrobial activities
according to both antimicrobial assays, the aqueous
extract inhibited all isolated microorganisms, especially
the streptococcus spp., and was more efficient than the
methanol extract, which was resisted by l. acidophilus
and p. aeruginosa. in vitro antibacterial effect of miswak
pieces without extraction has been19-29 found most
pronounced on p. gingivalis, a. actinomycetemcomitans,
and h. influenzae, less on strep. mutans, and least on
doi number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00242.5
394 indian journal of public health research & development, march 2018, vol. 9, no. 3
l. acidophilus. the antibacterial effect of suspended
miswak pieces suggested the presence of volatile active
antibacterial compounds.
cytotoxic activity
both persica and chx mouthwashes were toxic to
macrophage, epithelial, fibroblast, and osteoblast cells in
a concentration-dependent manner.
tick-repellent properties
the s. persica, pistacia, and juniperus phoenicea
were evaluated using host-seeking nymphs of ixodes
ricinus in the laboratory for tick-repellent effects of the
essential oils30-45. significant tick-repellent effects were
observed for the oils of all three species, but the duration
of action was short.
anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential
the extract of stem of s. persica was reported to
possess anti-inflammatory activity.
ace-inhibiting ability
in vitro screening has reported that s. persica
possesses high ace-inhibiting ability.
anticonvulsant and sedative potential
the extracts of s. persica extended sleeping time
and decreased induction time induced by sodium
pentobarbital in addition it showed protection against
pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion by increasing the
latency period and diminishing the death rate46-51.
removal of smear layer and occlusion
s. persica contains potential antimicrobial
anionic components, and the capillary electrophoresis
is a convenient method for their identification and
quantification52-69.
conclusion
s. persica, is widely used in the antimicrobial,
cytotoxic activity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic
potential. medicinal plant property of s. persica is due
to presence of natural bioactive compounds.
financial disclosure: there is no financial
disclosure.
conflict of interest: none to declare.
ethical clearance: in our review, all these major
pharmacological activity were complete analysis under
the biological department of college of science for
women in hillah city.
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