assiian jjournal of chemiisstry
http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.17479
introduction
the aesthetic goals of our patients and dentistry today
have become increasingly demanding. the use of composite
resins as tooth composite resins to achieve the optical properties
of natural teeth. the aesthetic appearance of anterior teeth has
become a major concern for patients. discolored vital anterior
teeth have long treated with different approaches, including
crowns, direct, indirect veneers, composite resin and most
conservatively bleaching. both take-home and in-office bleaching
techniques have proven effective in whitening teeth, with
the latter having the advantage of producing immediate
results1,2. in addition to color changes a compared by bleaching
process, resin composite that exit on the tooth surface also
may be cleaned may also change. these changes are effected
by different factors, such as type concentration and exposer
time of bleaching3-5.
kim et al.6 revealed that tooth whitening because negligible
alterations on the color and the surface of a nano filled
and two micro-hybrid resin composites. the composite resin
effect of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in photoreactor with
radiation source on color changes of three contemporary composite resins
ameer h.h. alameedee
1,2,*, hala a.m. ragab
1, essam m.h. osman
1 and falah h. hussein
3,*
1faculty of dentistry, beirut arab university, beirut, lebanon
2faculty of dentistry, babylon university, babylon, iraq
3chemistry department, faculty of science, babylon university, babylon, iraq
*corresponding authors: e-mail: ameeralameedee@gmail.com abohasan_hilla@yahoo.com
received: 18 february 2014 accepted: 8 march 2014 published online: 5 july 2014 ajc-15507
the study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (photoreactor) with the source of radiation on the color change of the
three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. the resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of
charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by
the mold of teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °c in order
to complete the polymerization. after the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine
mouth wash (avalon pharma®) at 37 °c for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put
it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in photoreactor radiation with 355 nm periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30
seconds. colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured
iodine solution and after treatment disks palmalq water for titanium dioxide. in addition, the absorbance was measured after each period
of time and put the disks. palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. there were significant effects on pay chromatography and the
palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography
and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance
time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition
keywords: photocatalytic decolorization, restorative composite color changes, titanium dioxide.
asian journal of chemistry vol. 26, no. 14 (2014), 4507-4512
composed of organic and inorganic phase has important
effect in the degree of color and surface changes when exposed
to the bleaching products7-12.
resin materials are especially more prone to chemical alteration
compared to inert metal or ceramic composite resin13-15.
in addition, composite resins tend to discolor teeth due to their
resin matrix hydropinghilicity and water absorption properties,
so the degree of discoloration may lead the patient and the
dentist to replace composite resin composite resins over time16.
the typical in-office bleaching regimen involves application
of a high percentage hydrogen peroxide formulation
either to the teeth surfaces, which activated chemically or by
a light source. the theoretical advantage of using lights is their
ability to heat hydrogen peroxide, thereby enhancing the rate
of oxygen decomposition.
the oxidation, in which the molecules causing discoloration
are chemically modified17, and the increased amount of
oxygen-free radicals produced thus enhances the release of
stain-containing molecules and, therefore, results in enhanced
whitening18,19.
there are many reports concerning the effects of in-office
bleaching on natural teeth, but its effect on tooth-colored
composite resin is not, yet, fully known and resin composites
are widely used as restorative materials because of their
excellent aesthetic properties. however, their initial color may
change over time because of surface and marginal staining, as
well as internal material deterioration20,21. staining of resin
composites by beverages such as coffee, tea and soda or by
mouth rinse agents has been reported to varying degrees22,23.
in addition to color, surface characteristics contribute significantly
to the aesthetic quality of composite resin. surface
roughness has a detrimental effect on light reflection, resulting
in a dull appearance that stands out from the rest of the teeth.
moreover, rough surfaces promote bacterial plaque
adhesion, with subsequent increased staining24-26. also the tooth
bleaching agents increased the tooth sensitivity and gingival
irritation by the effect of its oxidizing, many studies have proved
the decrease of the shear bond strength by use of any bleaching
agent either in vitro or in vivo27.
other studies find that high concentration hydrogen
peroxide with calcium was less effective in deep dentin than
10 % carbamide peroxide28.
titanium dioxide photocatalyst (vl-tio2) and h2o2 containing
with visible-light activating were introduce in some new
in-office bleaching agent were recently developed. titanium
dioxide was used in different cleaning applications is had a very
low toxic level and inexpensive substance. titanium dioxide also
known as the most important semiconductor photocatalyst
reacting to ultraviolet light29. vl-tio2 was made from original
titanium dioxide photocatalyst and the application of visible light
on a bleaching agent containing h2o2 and vl-tio could increase
the bleaching efficacy30,31. the vl-tio2 were photocatalyst
reacting material to visible light especially at low wavelength30.
the purpose of this study was to determine color change of three
nanofilled composites, when subjected to iodine staining and
bleaching using chemically activated visible uv light bleaching
material. the null hypothesis was that the three-nano filled composites
would respond similarly to the aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide in photoreactor.
experimental
three resin composites specimens i.e., beautifil ii [bisphenylglycidyl
dimethacrylate (bis-gma) 7.5 %, triethylenglycol
dimethacrylate (tegdma) 5 %, alumino-fluoro 70 %, al2o3
(borosilicate glass). dl-camphor quinone, (shofu dental
corporation, usa)], ips empress direct [paste of dimethacrylates,
copolymer 20-21 wt. %, barpum glass 77.5-79 %
wt., ytterbium trifluoride (550 nm), initiators, stabilizers and
pigments, (ivoclar vivodent, usa)] and ceram.x.mono
[methacrylate modified polysiloxane, dimethacrylate resin,
ba-al-borosilicate glass 70 %, pyrogenic sio257 %, camphorquinone,
ethyl-4-diemethylamino benzoate, uv stabilizer,
butylated hydroxy toluene, (detrey, dentsply, germany)]
composite resin specimens, used in this study this three groups
(n = 5 discs, shade a1).
fifteen disc specimens fabricated by using cylindrical
teflon mold ‘each specimen was prepared as one increment
and light cure to polymerized the resin composite from each
side for 40 sec using a light unit with intensity of power density
of 355 mw/cm2 (gnatus, fotopolimerizador optilight plus,
brasil). the specimens were polished with sof-lex system
3m espe specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °c
for one week and then subjected to stain using iodine solution
at 37 °c for one week. all composite resin groups discs specimens
were placed (beautifil ii, ips empress direct and
ceram.x.mono) in distilled water for one week to complete
their polymerization. then to stain, the composite resin groups
specimens discs, immersion them in the iodine mouth wash
solution (prepared by 5 ml povidone-iodine usp 1 % w/v, in
5 ml of distilled water according to the instruction of mouth
wash use).
the absorbance of the specimen was measured at 355 nm,
using cary 100 bio uv-visible spectrophotometer shimadzu
and color changes were measured using a vita easy shade
device and put disc on black paper (vitazahnfabrik h. rauter
gmbh & co. kg, bad s?ckingen, germany), they calibrated,
according to timetable as shown in table-1.
the colorimeter display the different color parameters l*,
a* and b* according to the cie l*, a*, b* space system, where l*
describes the luminance reflectance, while a* and b* describe
the red-green and yellow-blue color coordinates, respectively.
the test measures l*, a*, and b* space system and this
system are referred to as ciel*a*b*. in the color space, l*
indicates lightness (l + = lightness and l- = darkness), the a*
coordinate represents the red/green range (a* + = redness and
table-1
timetable and pathway distribution of groups’ specimens
beautifil ii groups specimens
before stain (b1)
g1a
ips empress direct groups
specimens’ before stain (e1)
g2a
ceram.x.mono groups specimens
before stain (c1)
g3a
beautifil ii groups specimens
after stain (b2)
g1b
ips empress direct groups
specimens after stain (e2)
g3b
ceram.x.mono groups specimens
after stain (c2)
g3b
beautifil ii groups specimens
after bleach (b3)
g1c
ips empress direct groups
specimens after bleach (e3)
g2c
ceram.x.mono groups specimens
after bleach (c3)
g3c
4508 alameedee et al. asian j. chem.
a*- = greenness) and the b* coordinate represents for the yellow/
blue range (b* + = yellowness and b* - = blueness).
the values of the coordinates a* and b* approach zero,
indicating neutral color (white and grey) and an increase in
magnitude for more saturated or intense color33. the cie l*, a*, b*
space system allows the numeric definition of a color as well as
the difference between two color using the following formula:
de = [(l1-l0)2 + (a1-a0)2 + (b1-b)2]1/2
the change in color from baseline was calculated (de1),
after staining (de2) and after the aqueous suspensions of titanium
dioxide (tio2) session (de3). the change in color after staining
and the bleaching compared to the color after staining was
also calculated. de values obtained using the hunter s equation
(central bureau of the international commission on
illumination colorimetric cie publication. vienna, austria:
1986).
de = [(dl)2 + (da)2 + (db)2]1/2
data were statistically analyzed using spss 20 package
(chicago, illinois, u.s.a.). regression models with one-way
anova and tukey s post-hoc tests used to test significance
of the effects of composite material and bleaching agent on
color at p £ 0.05.
photocatalytic reactor is shown in fig. 1.
fig. 1. photocatalytic reactor
the photocatalytic reactions carried out in a batch photoreactor
with the radiation source type philips (cleo), poland,
mercury lamps containing 6 lamps with 15 w for each. aqueous
suspensions of titanium dioxide (tio2) containing specimens
in beaker, under sonication, were irradiated in light of wavelength
365 nm with an irradiation intensity of 3 mw cm-2. in
all experiments, the required amount of the catalyst was
suspended in 100 cm3 of aqueous solution of specimens. after
illumination, 2 ml was taken from the reaction suspension,
centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 min in an 800 b centrifuge,
the absorbance of the specimens was measured at 355 nm,
using cary 100bio uv-visible spectrophotometer shimadzu.
results and discussion
the color changes evaluation can performed either by
using a colorimeter or, by visual assessment and spectrophotometry
as were used in dentistry, which expresses color
coordinates according to the cie l*, a*, b* space system.
these methods generally considered more precise, as they
eliminate subjective errors32.
the de value is expressed as a relative color change
between successive color measurements, the de = 3.3 value
considered clinically perceptible according to the cielab color
space. the color space more popular and developmental for
characterization of color based on human perception30,33,34.
tables 2-4 represent the statistical mean and standard
deviation, comparison of color changes testing (de) when
compared with groups specimens at different time interval
before iodine staining. after iodine staining and after aqueous
suspensions of titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment, for beautifill
ii, ips empress direct and ceram.x.mono composite resin
group s specimens respectively. as for composite resin group s
specimens: total color change (de) after staining treatment
when compared to before staining, also the total color change
(de) after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (tio2)
treatment when compared to after staining for all composite
resin group s specimens.
result of beautiful composite resin group (g1a) showed
there were significant effect (p = 0.00) when compere de,
color changes after stain (de = 0.08) with de, color changes
after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment
(de = 12.14).
result of table-3 for group three for ips empress direct
composite resin (g2) showed there were significant effect (p
= 0.00) when compere de color changes of ips empress direct
table-2
means and standard deviation values for color change (de) for beautifil ii groups (g1) in shade a1 (n = 5)
difference between groups
group one (g1) range
mean
(de, color
changes)
sd
(de, color
changes)
groups
compared
mean
difference
a.p-value
(de, color changes) beautifill-ii composite
resin before stain (g1a)
0.0-0.1 0.08 0.04
(g1a)-(g1b)
-21.53* 0.00*
(de, color changes) beautifill-ii composite
resin after stain (g1b)
21.61-21.62 21.61 0.00
(g1b)-(g1c)
9.47* 0.00*
(de, color changes) beautifill-ii composite
resin after aqueous suspensions of titanium
dioxide treatment (g1c)
21.13-21.15 12.14 0.00 (g1c)- (g1a) 12.06* 0.00*
*mean difference is significant at the .05 level, aadjustment for multiple comparisons: bonferroni
vol. 26, no. 14 (2014) effect of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in photoreactor 4509
composite resin after stain (de = 0.12) with de color changes
ips empress direct composite resin after aqueous suspensions
of titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment (de = 32.97).
result of table-4 of the ceram.x.mono composite resin
group (g3) showed there were significant effect (p = 0.00)
when compere de color changes after stain (de = 0.22) with
de color changes of the after the aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment (de = 16.04).
in study by suyama et al.30, the effects of various light
sources on the bleaching action by using titanium dioxide
(tio2) photocatalysts in an ultraviolet light-activated photo
catalyst (uvtio2), versus a visible light-activated photo
catalyst (vl-tio2). they showed high-intensity halogen with
vl-tio2 + h2o2 caused the most significant reduction in
methylene blue concentration, and the effect of light sources,
the halogen lamps resulted in a greater bleaching effect than
the blue led30.
tables 4-6 showed the color changes (de) represented as
bleaching effect on specimens by the effect of aqueous suspensions
of titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment, as in-group ips
table-3
means and standard deviation values for color change (de)
for the ips empress direct groups (g2) in shade a1 (n = 5)
difference between groups
group (g2) range
mean
(de, color
changes)
sd
(de, color
changes)
groups
compared
mean
difference
a.p-value
(de, color changes)
ips empress direct composite
resin before stain (g2a)
0.1-0.2 0.12 0.04 (g2a)-(g2b) -41.72* 0.00*
(de, color changes) ips empress direct
composite resin after stain (g2b)
41.77-42.02 41.84 0.09 (g2b)-(g2c) 8.87* 0.00*
(de, color changes) ips empress direct
composite resin after aqueous suspensions
of titanium dioxide treatment (g2c)
32.9-33.11 32.97 0.09 (g2c)- (g2a) 32.85* 0.00*
*mean difference is significant at the .05 level, aadjustment for multiple comparisons: bonferroni
table-4
means and standard deviation values for color change (de)
for the ceram.x.mono groups (g3) in shade a1 (n = 5)
difference between groups
group (g3) range
mean
(de, color
changes)
sd
(de, color
changes)
groups
compared
mean
difference
a.p-value
(de, color changes)
ceram.x.mono composite
resin before stain (g3a)
0.0-0.4 0.22 0.13 (g3)- (g3) -31.73* 0.00*
(de, color changes) ceram.x.mono
composite resin after stain (g3b)
30.66-32.34 31.95 0.68 (g3b).- (g3c) 15.9* 0.00*
(de, color changes) ceram.x.mono
composite resin aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide treatment (g3c)
16.02-16.05 16.04 0.01 (g3c)- (g3a) 15.82* 0.00*
*mean difference is significant at the .05 level, aadjustment for multiple comparisons: bonferroni
table-5
means and standard deviation values for 3d color space for the three composites groups in shade a1
time interval
g1
mean, sd
g2
mean, sd
g3
mean, sd
l*. before staining treatment measure 76.08aa
0.04
24.98da
18.25
57.90ga
2.79
l*. after staining treatment measure 76.12ab
0.04
77.74db
1.24
64.20gb
0.00
l*. after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment measure 78.10ac
0.00
76.30dc
0.00
68.38gc
0.04
a*. before staining treatment measure 1.50bd
0.00
77.94ed
1.61
-1.62hd
0.59
a*. after staining treatment measure 2.40be
0.00
0.88ee
.042
2.50he
0.00
a*. after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment measure 0.30bf
0.00
0.10ef
0.00
-2.68hf
0.04
b*. before staining treatment measure 15.40cg
0.00
-0.11fg
0.91
11.76kg
0.24
b*. after staining treatment measure 37.0ch
0.00
7.88fh
0.17
42.70kh
0.00
b*. after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment measure 25.20ci
0.00
49.68fi
0.13
28.10ki
0.00
similar small letter in column significant difference. similar capital letter in row significant difference, p = 0.05
4510 alameedee et al. asian j. chem.
empress direct composite resin after stain (g2c), then group
ceram.x.mono composite resin after stain (g3c).
table-5 showed the aqueous suspensions of titanium
dioxide (tio2) treatment effect in 3d space is the l* (mean =
68.38 which mean get more dark area in color) of the group
ceram.x.mono composite resin (g3c) after treatment by
aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (tio2).
table-6 showed the data submitted to two-way anova
(p < 0.00) and post hoc tests. statistical difference observed
between all groups. it has had been concluded that g2c (e3),
showed significantly higher effect of the aqueous suspensions
of titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment changes than the g1c
(b3) group.
(g2b) and (g3b) (mean= 0.88 and 2.50) respectively,
showed intermediary pigmentation more than (g1b) group and
in anova test showed not significant of b*.
the more significant effect (mean=-2.68) in 3d space is
the a* of the g3c ceram.x.mono after aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment (table-5).
tables 7-9 showed there were all groups’ increase of the
absorbance with the increasing time exposer increase and
increase in the group 1 and group 2 more than group 3.
table-6
anova test for all three composite resins groups of the specimens’
measurement for de color changes and 3d color space
anova
sum of squares df mean square f p-value
between groups 2899.635 2 1449.818 7.405 0.001*
within groups 17034.789 de-color change 87 195.802
total 19934.424 89
between groups 3862.643 2 1931.321 230.538 0.000*
l* within groups 728.837 87 8.377
total 4591.480 89
between groups 65.134 2 32.567 14.199 0.000*
a* within groups 199.539 87 2.294
total 264.673 89
between groups 110.692 2 55.346 .287 0.752
b* within groups 16805.733 87 193.169
total 16916.425 89
*mean difference is significant at the p < 0.05 level
table-7
absorbance degrees in all three composite
resins groups’ of the specimens’ measurement
within all times intervals
group group1 group2 group3
t (min) beautifil ii
ips empress
direct
ceram.x.mono
0 0.101 0.097 0.085
5 0.132 0.114 0.099
10 0.144 0.161 0.135
15 0.198 0.192 0.161
30 0.213 0.218 0.183
in all ‘between groups’ of de-color change, l*, a*, b*
respectively showed significant p values = 0.001, 0.000 and
0.000, respectively, there were effect of the aqueous suspensions
of titanium dioxide (tio2) treatment on the color changes
composite groups specimens, except b* showed not significant
effect (p = 0.752) in all composite groups specimens (table-
6).
table-8 showed multiple comparisons of the absorbance
in all groups, through different time intervals, among all groups
only the time 5 min not significant difference (p = 1.000), that
showed there were no effect titanium dioxide at absorbance
table-8
multiple comparisons of the absorbance in all groups, through different time intervals
bonferroni
dependent variable (i) absorbance time (j) absorbance time mean difference (i-j) std. error p-value
5-time -.02067 0.013 1.000
10-time -.05233* 0.013 0.024*
15-time -.08933* 0.013 0.000*
absorbance 0-time
30-time -.11033* 0.013 0.000*
*mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
table-9
anova test for all three composite resins groups’
absorbance of the specimen s measurement at all time
sum of squares df mean square f p-value
between roups 0.025 4 0.006 24.965 0.000*
absorbance within groups 0.003 10 0.000
total 0.028 14
mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
vol. 26, no. 14 (2014) effect of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in photoreactor 4511
of the specimens measurement at this groups in within this
times intervals (0, 5 sec, respectively).
table-9 showed all groups were significant difference
(p = 0.000), that showed there were effect titanium dioxide on
absorbance of the specimens measurement at these groups.
conclusions
• the photocatalytic reaction of aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide had reduced (de) color change values in all
stained specimens of the three composite resins groups.
• the (de) color change values in all the three composite
resins groups were responded not similarly to photocatalytic
reaction of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (tio2).
• the absorbance degree in all the three composite resins
groups increase with the increasing of exposer time of the
photocatalytic reaction.
references
1. g. kugel and s. kastali, compend. contin. educ. dent., 29, 516 (2000).
2. j.e. dahl and u. pallesen, crit. rev. oral biol. med., 14, 292 (2003).
3. t. attin, c. hannig, a. wiegand and r. attin, dent. mater., 20, 852
(2004).
4. s. canay and m. cehreli, j. prosthet. dent., 89, 474 (2003).
5. p. villalta, h. lu, z. okte, f. garcia-godoy and j. powers, j. prosthet.
dent., 95, 137 (2006).
6. j.h. kim, y.k. lee, b.s. lim, s.h. rhee and h.c. yang, clin. oral
investig., 8, 118 (2004).
7. p. monaghan, e. lim and e. lautenschlager, j. prosthet. dent., 68,
575 (1992).
8. f. yalcin and s. gurgan, j. biomater. appl., 19, 187 (2005).
9. f. yalcin and s. gurgan, dent. mater., 21, 464 (2005).
10. r.m. fay, t. servos and j.m. powers, oper. dent., 24, 292 (1999).
11. s.b. turker and t. biskin, j. prosthet. dent., 89, 466 (2003).
12. e. assmussen, scand. j. dent. res., 92, 257 (1984).
13. e. assmussen, scand. j. dent. res., 90, 490 (1982).
14. w. wu and j.e. mckinney, j. dent. res., 61, 1180 (1982).
15. n. abu-bakr, l. han, a. okamoto and m. iwaku, j. esthet. dent., 12,
258 (2000).
16. b.a. matis, m. youset, m.a. cochram and g.j. eckert, oper. dent.,
27, 12 (2002).
17. v.b. haywood and h.o. heymann, quint. int., 20, 173 (1989).
18. l. greenwall, bleaching techniques in restorative dentistry, an illustrated
guide, martin duntz ltd united kingdom (2001).
19. k.a. schulze, s.j. marshall, s.a. gansky and g.w. marshall, dent.
mater., 19, 612 (2003).
20. r. janda, j.f. roulet, m. kaminsky, g. steffin and m. latta, eur. j.
oral sci., 112, 280 (2004).
21. e. ertas, a.u. güler, a.ç. yücel, h. k?prülü and e. güler, dent. mater.
j., 25, 371 (2006).
22. r. bagheri, m.f. burrow and m. tyas, j. dent., 33, 389 (2005).
23. m. fujita, s. kawakami, m. noda and h. sano, dent. mater. j., 25,
352 (2006).
24. h. lu, l.b. roeder, l. lei and j.m. powers, j. esthet. restor. dent.,
17, 102 (2005).
25. o. polydorou, e. hellwig and t.m. auschill, oper. dent., 31, 473
(2006).
26. v. mathai, m.c. angelo, k. mariamma, k. jayakumar and k.s. babu,
int. j. anal. pharm. biomed. sci., 2, 18 (2013).
27. m.b. d arce, d.a. lima, f.h. baggio aguiar, c.e. bertoldo, g.m.
ambrosano and j.r. lovadino, j. clin. exp. dent., 5, 100 (2013).
28. a. fujishima and k. honda, nature, 238, 37 (1972).
29. t. suemori, j. kato, t. nakazawa, g. akashi, a. igarashi, y. hirai, y.
kumagai and h. kurata, laser phys., 5, 379 (2008).
30. y. suyama, m. otsuki, s. ogisu, r. kishikawa, j. tagami, m. ikeda,
h. kurata and t. cho, dent. mater. j., 28, 693 (2009).
31. a. joiner, j. dent., 32, 3 (2004).
32. w.m. johnston and e.c. kao, j. dent. res., 68, 819 (1989).
33. i.e. ruyter, k. nilner and b. m?ller, dent. mater., 3, 246 (1987).
34. r.r. seghi, e.r. hewlett and j. kim, j. dent. res., 68, 1760 (1989).
4512 alameedee et al. asian j. chem.