Academic Metadata Mirror Datasets

The following datasets aim to provide samples of our personal and academic data for Iraqi reseachers in the field of raw data processing (such as semantics, Big Data, NLP, and ML). You may use the data under GPL License provided by University of Babylon, The repository website provides detailed datasets as mirror to our actual data processing infrastructure. Accessing these collections with related metadata / without any XHTML is available directly by requesting our WCF service (make sure proper arguements are passed correctly). For more details, please contact our webmaster via admin@uobabylon.edu.iq

Medical Research Dataset in University of Babylon [JSON Data Format] click here

E-Learning Dataset for all University of Babylon Lecturers [HTML List Format] click here

Personal Dataset for all University of Babylon personnel management [PDF Fromat] click here

[Regular access in styled HTML can be visited via http://repository.uobabylon.edu.iq/papers/]

The following Dataset lists the content of our E-Learning repository available at: http://repository.uobabylon.edu.iq

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size92672
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: In Vitro Human Sperm Activation by Using Progestrone Medroxy Acetate

    medicine1_7.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size124416
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Incidence of Ovarian Tumor in Last the Five Years in Najaf City

    medicine1_8.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size118784
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Pediatric Humeral Supracondylar Fracture phscf Type III One Month Delay Later Corrective Osteotomy or Orif Rightaway

    medicine1_9.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size55808
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Prolapsed Inter Vertebral Disc in the Lumber Area and Joint Mobility among Iraqi Patients

    medicine1_10.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size232448
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Relationship between Antioxidants Glutathione and Total a_L_Fucose as Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer Patients

    medicine1_11.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size123392
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Relationship between Antioxidants Glutathione Glutathione S Transeferase as Tumor Marker

    medicine1_12.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size269312
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Aortic Regurgitation in Iraqi Hypertensive Patients

    medicine4_3.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size112128
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Retrospective Study of Reapsed Breast Cancer Cases During FollowUp in Merjan

    medicine1_13.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size172544
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: ROC Based Assessment of ELISA System Used to Detect IgM_RF IgG_RF and IgA_RF among Iraqi Rheumatoid Arthritis

    medicine1_14.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size157696
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Role of Oxidative Stress by Lipid Peroxidation in Developing Urinary Bladder Cancer and Correlation between Malondialdehyde and Trace Elements Copper and Zinct

    medicine1_15.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size322048
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Roles of Malondialdehyde and Catalase in Serum of Urolithiasis

    medicine1_16.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size270848
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Roles of Malondialdehyde Glutathione Peroxidase and N_Acetyl_B_D_glucosaminidase in Serum of Urolithiasis

    medicine1_17.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size66048
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Serum Protein Profile in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

    medicine1_18.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size4305920
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Experimental Induced Septic and Cryptic Arthritis

    medicine1_19.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size258048
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Study of the Bacterial Etiology of Cryptic Arthritisf

    medicine1_20.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size1214464
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Thyroid Malignancy Incidence and Management Three-Years Study in Hilla Surgical Hospitals

    medicine1_21.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size71680
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Treatment Options for Negative Postcoital Test in Cervical Factor Infertilityt

    medicine1_22.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition1, Size105472
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Trial of Improving Antituberculous Regimens in Mice Model of Tuberculosis

    medicine1_23.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size403456
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Antepartum Detection of Macrosomic Fetus Clinical Versus Sonographic Including Humeral Soft Tissue Thickness

    medicine2_1.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size12304896
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Antibiotics Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical Cases in Hilla City

    medicine2_2.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size481280
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Antrochoanal Polyp with Unusual Presentation A Case Report

    medicine2_3.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size220672
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Assessment of Thyroid Hormones Profile

    medicine4_4.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size242176
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Apoptosis and Apoptotic Factors BCL2 and Bax Protein in Recurrent Benign Nasal Polyp

    medicine2_4.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size398336
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Association between Lymphopenia and Systemic Lupus

    medicine2_5.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size453632
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Azithromycine Versus AmoxillineClavulanate in Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis

    medicine2_6.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size122880
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Bacteria Isolated from Patients with Otitis Media in Babylon Province

    medicine2_7.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size219648
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: CD4_CD8 Ratio CEA and Ca15_3 As A Battery for Diagnosis of Women Breast Cancer

    medicine2_8.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size978432
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Cheiroarithropathy in Diabetic Patients Babylon Province

    medicine2_9.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size81920
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Clinical Study on Cholera Patients in Babylon

    medicine2_10.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size54784
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: CO2 Laser Tonsillectomy A Comparison with the Standard Technique

    medicine2_11.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size145920
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Concomitant Varicocelectomy and Jaboulays Operation

    medicine2_12.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size2198016
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Conventional Sinus Radiography Compared with CT in Diagnosis of Sinusitis

    medicine2_13.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size453120
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Cytotoxicity and Inhibitory Effect of Ortho_Amino Phenyl MercuryII Chloride against Growth of Some Bacteria

    medicine2_14.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size143360
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Dry Eye Syndrome in Hilla Pilot Study

    medicine2_15.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size44032
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Effect of human colostrums on Entamoeba histolytica in vitro

    medicine2_16.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size61952
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy eswl for TheTreatment of Urolithiasis

    medicine2_17.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size58880
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Factors Affects Two Stage Repair for Severe Type of Hypospadius

    medicine2_18.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size155648
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Frequency Distribution of ABO Blood Groups

    medicine2_19.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size1197568
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Gender and Age Distribution of the Great Saphenous Vein

    medicine2_20.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size109568
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Recurrent Use of Clomiphene Citrate in the Treatment of Infertility on the Level of Serum Total Protein Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride

    medicine2_23.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size228864
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Serum Ceruloplasmin Copper Zinc and Copper Zinc Ratio

    medicine2_24.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size96256
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Serum Malondialdehyde Total Cholesterol High Density Lipoprotein and Vitamin C in Welder Workers

    medicine2_25.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size542208
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Assessment of Sonography in Distinguishing Benign from Malignant Solid Breast Mass

    medicine2_26.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size3010560
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Incidence of Double Great Saphenous Vein Among Iraqi People

    medicine2_27.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size460288
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Treatment of Systemic Candidiasis in Rats with Water Extract of Thymus Vulgaris L

    medicine2_28.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size68608
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Various Methods for Treatment of Bells Palsy

    medicine2_29.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size286208
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: An Incidental Finding of the Thyroidea Ima Artery

    medicine3_1.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size2222080
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular CardiomyopathyDysplasia ARVCD Case Presentation and Literature Review

    medicine3_2.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size116736
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Clinical and Pigmentary Variation of Pityriasis Versicolor in AlMuthana Governments Patients

    medicine3_3.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size137216
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Congenital Anomalies of the Duodenum

    medicine3_4.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size86016
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Effect of Light and Heavy Smoking on High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level

    medicine3_5.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size103936
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Evaluation of Intralesional Methotrexate in Comparison with Electrocutary in Treatment of Common Warts

    medicine3_6.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size105472
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Evaluation of Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Hyperthyroidism in Northern Area of Iraq

    medicine3_7.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size156160
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Exercise induced ST segment elevation in aVR more than 2 mm to differentiate between left main and three vessel disease in patients with Duke score 11

    medicine3_8.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size66048
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: For Dying Patients Artificial Hydration is it Necessary or not

    medicine3_10.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size425472
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Hepatoprotective Potentials of Nebivolol and Aliskiren on Methotrexate Induced Liver Toxicity

    medicine3_11.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size125440
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Immune Status Study of Dentistry Student and Children Naturally Infected with Measles Virus for Detection of Primary and Secondary Immune Failures

    medicine3_12.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size130048
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Leukocytes Count and NeutrophilLymphocytes Ratio in Predicting In Hospital Outcome after Acute Myocardial Infarction

    medicine3_13.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size118784
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Metabolic syndrome among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Babel Goverenate

    medicine3_14.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size102912
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Placental Cord Drainage after Vaginal Delivery as a Part of Management of Third Stage of Labour

    medicine3_15.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size114688
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Prednisolone With Clomiphene Citrate in Ovulation Induction in Clomiphene Citrate Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

    medicine3_16.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size1046016
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Prevalence of B_Hemolytic Groups C and F Streptococci in Patients with Acute Pharyngitis in Hilla CityIraq

    medicine3_17.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size102400
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Procalcitonin as a Mediator of Chronic Inflammation in Obese Women with PCOS

    medicine3_18.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size163328
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Prognostic Significance of Troponin T and Creatine KinaseMB Activity in Sera of Acute Ischaemic Stroke Patients

    medicine3_19.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size2406400
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Rupture Ovarian Germ Cell Tumour a Case Report

    medicine3_20.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size161280
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Serum Electrolytes and Minerals Status in Asthmatic Patients on Corticosteroids

    medicine3_21.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size139776
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Significance of Reciprocal ST Segment Depression in Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction

    medicine3_22.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size136192
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Some Hematological and Biochemical Changes in A Cute Myocardial Infarction MI in Babylon Government

    medicine3_23.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size539648
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Subendocardiac Hemorrhage in Firearm Injuries A Postmortem Hallmark of High Velocity Missile Injuries

    medicine3_24.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size264704
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Synthesis Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of some New 2-Mercapto benzothiazole Heterocyclic Derivatives

    medicine3_25.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size151040
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Effect of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills and Copper

    medicine3_26.DOC[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size3165696
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Incidence of Cystic Artery Variation during Laparoscopic Surgery

    medicine3_27.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size89600
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Out Come of Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

    medicine3_28.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size172544
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Relationship Between Serum Testosterone Level And Antioxidants Status In PreEclampsia

    medicine3_29.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size78848
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Role of Metformin in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome as a Treatment of Infertility

    medicine3_30.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size86528
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Role of Ultrasound Guided Lung FNAC Exam in the Diagnosis of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

    medicine3_31.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size30114816
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Tibial Shaft Fractures Treated with Closed Intramedullary Nailing Short Term Outcome

    medicine3_33.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition2, Size376320
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Oestrus ovis Human Ophthalmomyiasis in Iraq

    medicine2_22.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size84992
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Virulence Factors of Enterococcus faecalis

    medicine3_34.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size15351808
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Water Sorption and Solubility of Different Commercially Available Dental Cements An in Vitro Study

    medicine3_35.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition3, Size125952
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Xanthine Oxidase Activity as an Index of lipid Peroxidation in Sera of Patient with Mayocardial Infraction in Erbil City Population

    medicine3_36.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size137728
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: AIDS in Iraq Epidemiology and Transmission before and after 2003

    medicine4_1.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size123904
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Analytic Study of 100 Patients with Laproscopic Cholecystectomy

    medicine4_2.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size164864
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Astudy of 68 Cases of Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

    medicine4_5.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size172032
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Bacteriological and Clinical Study of Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Urinary Tract Infection

    medicine4_6.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size555520
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Bupivacaine for Postoperative Wound Pain via Intermittent Wound Perfusion

    medicine4_7.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size349696
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Carcinoma of Larynx A Clinical Study

    medicine4_8.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size128000
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Changes of Some Liver Function Tests with Regular and Irregular Desferroxamine Therapy in B_Thalassemic Patients

    medicine4_9.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size157184
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Clinical and Pathological Evaluation of Patients with Nodular Goiter

    medicine4_10.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size194560
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Dose Rsponse Relationship for the Antinflammatory Activity of Doxycycline in Experimental Models of Chronic Inflammation

    medicine4_11.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size138752
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Evaluation Traumatic Fracture of Anterior Permanents Teeth within Age 811 Years Old

    medicine4_12.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size137728
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Functional Disturbances of the General Gastrointestinal Tract in Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellituss

    medicine4_13.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size203776
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Impact of Calculi Weight and Frequency of Calculi Formation on their Compositions

    medicine4_14.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size140288
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Knowledge Attitude and Beliefs of College Students in Baghdad and Mousel Iraq about AIDS

    medicine4_15.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size179200
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Vertebral Hemangiomas in Babylon

    medicine4_16.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size142848
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Maternal Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha in Patients with Missed and Recurrent Miscarriage

    medicine4_17.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size196608
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Metformin The Treatment of Choise in Polycystic Ovary Disease

    medicine4_18.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size235008
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: New Keynote of Hemorrhoids Patients as Oxidative Stress Indicators

    medicine4_19.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size135680
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Oligohydromnios Sonographic Evaluation and its Clinical Implication

    medicine4_20.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:medicine, Edition:edition4, Size468992
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Orthodontic Mechano Treatment of Ectopic Eruption of the Permanent Mandibular Incisors of Iraqi Children Early Mixed Dentition

    medicine4_21.doc[^]

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Open data is the idea that some data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control. The goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other "open" movements such as open source, open hardware, open content, and open access. The philosophy behind open data has been long established (for example in the Mertonian tradition of science), but the term "open data" itself is recent, gaining popularity with the rise of the Internet and World Wide Web and, especially, with the launch of open-data government initiatives


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