Academic Metadata Mirror Datasets

The following datasets aim to provide samples of our personal and academic data for Iraqi reseachers in the field of raw data processing (such as semantics, Big Data, NLP, and ML). You may use the data under GPL License provided by University of Babylon, The repository website provides detailed datasets as mirror to our actual data processing infrastructure. Accessing these collections with related metadata / without any XHTML is available directly by requesting our WCF service (make sure proper arguements are passed correctly). For more details, please contact our webmaster via admin@uobabylon.edu.iq

Medical Research Dataset in University of Babylon [JSON Data Format] click here

E-Learning Dataset for all University of Babylon Lecturers [HTML List Format] click here

Personal Dataset for all University of Babylon personnel management [PDF Fromat] click here

[Regular access in styled HTML can be visited via http://repository.uobabylon.edu.iq/papers/]

The following Dataset lists the content of our E-Learning repository available at: http://repository.uobabylon.edu.iq

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size1421312
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Synthesis and Characterization Complexes of Zn II Cd II Hg II With New Schiff Base Derivative of

    paper_ed22_18.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size261120
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Effect Of Environmental Alpha And Beta Particles On Lightly Doped P N Junction Germanium Filmsa

    paper_ed22_19.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size1152000
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Utilizing Wavelet Transform to Image DeNoising

    paper_ed22_20.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:nabo, Edition:edition8, Size2214424
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: النظرية الجمالية للخط العربي في الفن الاسلامي

    publication8_8.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size69789
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: استعمال أنموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة لدراسة خواص الانتقالات رباعية القطب الكهربائي لبعض النوى ذات الأعداد الكتلية A 100 1

    paper_ed22_21.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size655360
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: الفعالية الحياتية لمستخلص السماق والاس على البكتريا Erwinia carotovora

    paper_ed22_22.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size150016
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: انتشار الديدان الطفيلية الخيطية والشريطية في طيور الدجاج المنزلي والديك الرومي ، محافظة بابل

    paper_ed22_23.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size109056
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تأثير المعزز الحيوي و الهندباء والمضاد الحيوي البنسلين على اداء النمو لدجاج اللحم

    paper_ed22_24.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size2616320
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تأثير مضاد الأندروجين الفلوتامايد على نسيج ووظيفة الكبد في ذكور الجرذان البيض

    paper_ed22_25.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size580096
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تحديد ابعاد مشكلة الصرف الصحي في مدينة الحلة

    paper_ed22_26.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size815616
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تحسين مقدرة العملية الإنتاجية لمنتج صناعي باستعمال مستويات متقدمة من السيكما

    paper_ed22_27.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size4361216
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تقييم المعاملات الكيمياوية والحيوية على فعالية ونمو الفطر Fusarium oxysporum تحت ظروف مختبريه

    paper_ed22_28.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size153600
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: حساب مستويات الطاقة لنظير نواة الزئبق204Hg بتطبيق أنموذج القشرة النووي باستعمال برنامج OXBASH

    paper_ed22_29.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size806400
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: دراسة الخواص البصرية لأشباه موصلات جديدة محضرة من مواد بلورية سائلة وبعض من معقداتها

    paper_ed22_30.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size2209280
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: دراسة العلاقة بين الإصابة بفطر البياض الدقيقي Podosphaera xanthii والأيض الفينولي في أربعة أصناف من نبات الخيار Cucumiss

    paper_ed22_31.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size148235
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: دراسة العلاقة بين عمق الانتشار الحراري ودرجة الحرارة للمواد الصلبة بوساطة استعمال نبضة الليزرات TEA CO2 Nd YAG

    paper_ed22_32.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size833024
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: دراسة تأثير القضبان على محتوى غاز HI لمجرات ماركريان Mrk

    paper_ed22_33.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size2484224
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: دراسة في وبائية داء الحويصلات الصنوبرية في الأغنام في محافظة بابل

    paper_ed22_34.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size267776
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: دراسة قدرة الايقاف الالكترونية لأيونات الكاربون والاوكسجين في العناصر والمركبات المختلفة

    paper_ed22_35.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition22, Size38057
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: مستويات هرمون اللبتين لدى مرضى داء السكري غير المعتمد على الانسولين وعلاقته ببعض المتغيرات الفسيولوجية

    paper_ed22_36.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size29251072
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: A NEW METHOD OF REMOVING SALT AND PEPPER NOISE IMAGE USING MVALGEBRA

    paper_ed23_1.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size90112
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Antimicrobial activity of fig Ficus carica Linn leaf extract as compared with latex extract against selected bacteria and fungi

    paper_ed23_2.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size100864
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Antimicrobial effects of Allium sativum Linn Eugenia caryophyllus extracts against bacteria isolates from clinical samples

    paper_ed23_3.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size1516544
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Assessment of ureteric stones by measuring the Resistive index

    paper_ed23_4.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size156672
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Attacking of Geffe Generator by Solving Linear Equations System of the Generated Sequence

    paper_ed23_5.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size254464
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Building a Reliability Model to Improve the System Performance

    paper_ed23_6.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size155136
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Chemical analysis of Urinary Calculi using local kit

    paper_ed23_7.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size34528
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Clinical Therapeutical study on inactive ovaries in Holstein Friesian cows by using different hormonal regimes

    paper_ed23_8.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size36287
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Data hiding transmission using flag field in IP Header

    paper_ed23_9.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size2210816
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Distribution of some Aquatic Plant in Kufa River Iraq

    paper_ed23_10.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size102400
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: e Assessment System based on ABET criterion for Computing Programs

    paper_ed23_11.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size671744
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Effects of Different Disinfectant Additives on Compressive Strength of Dental Stone

    paper_ed23_12.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size833700
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Evaluation of Chromosome Aberrations and Mitotic Index in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Male Rats Treated with the Mixture of Plants Extracts Mixture

    paper_ed23_13.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size431948
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Longitudinal electron scattering form factors for 50 52 54Cr

    paper_ed23_14.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size1521152
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Molecular Study of Virulence Genes of Brucella Isolated from Human Clinical cases in Babylon Province

    paper_ed23_15.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size707540
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Non Invasive Optical Detection of Squamous and Basal Cell Carcinomas

    paper_ed23_16.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size4183040
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Optical Perspective of the Fourier Transformers

    paper_ed23_17.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size214528
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: PATTERN OF RECURRENCE IN MAJOR AFFECTIVE MOOD DISORDERS

    paper_ed23_18.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size69632
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Physiological Disturbances in Postmenopausal Women

    paper_ed23_19.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size1257472
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Simple method for removal of cadmium ions ?? From Industrial Wastewater Using Calcinated Porcellanite

    paper_ed23_20.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size100864
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Study of Some Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Filled with the Seed Shells of Sunflower and Water Melon

    paper_ed23_21.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size318464
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Survey of some Macroinvertebrates and Physico Chemical properties in Tanat River Wales UK

    paper_ed23_22.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size161280
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Synthesis of PS KBr Composites and Studying the Effect of KBr Addition on the Electrical and Optical Properties of Polystyrene

    paper_ed23_23.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size353791
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Toric Iols Designed To Correct Astigmatism In Cataract Surgery

    paper_ed23_24.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size106104
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تاثير شرب مياه الابار الاهلية على مستوى الاوكسجين المذاب في الدم في ناحية غماس محافظة القادسية العراق

    paper_ed23_25.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition23, Size254464
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تقييم تراكيز المركبات الحلقية في نماذج الهواء في المنشأت النفطية

    paper_ed23_26.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size232448
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: An Efficient Hybrid Image Compression Using Context Pattern Method

    paper_ed24_1.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size494080
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: bc continuous function

    paper_ed24_2.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size973312
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Design of Multiband Antenna M B A By Harmonics

    paper_ed24_3.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size2110464
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Dissemination of Extended Spectrum

    paper_ed24_4.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size183808
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Effect of Storage and Processing Temperatures on Honey Quality

    paper_ed24_5.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size107440
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Fuzzy Conditional Reliability for Some Continuous Distributions

    paper_ed24_6.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size1823744
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Measurement of Radon and Uranium Concentrations in the Dates and their Seeds of Different Regions in Karbala Governorate

    paper_ed24_7.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size687645
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: MS-Windows Monitoring Based Cooperative Agents

    paper_ed24_8.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size397824
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Record Values of Marshall Olkin Extended Weibull Distribution

    paper_ed24_9.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size179712
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Reliability Models of Maintained Systems

    paper_ed24_10.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size7696384
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Robust Image Watermarking Against Different Attacks

    paper_ed24_11.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size487936
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Semi Compactness in Bitopological Spaces

    paper_ed24_12.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size99700
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Sequential Procedure to Derive Minimal Cut Sets for aComplex System Directly from its Fault Tree

    paper_ed24_13.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size103424
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus CMV in Women with Pregnancy Associated Problem

    paper_ed24_14.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size209777
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Study of Resolution Power and Intensity Distribution for Optical System Using Synthetic Square Aperture

    paper_ed24_15.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size1823232
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Study of Some Electrical and Optical Properties For ZnO Thin Films Prepared by

    paper_ed24_16.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size1232384
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Temperature Stabilized Infrared Laser

    paper_ed24_17.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size370176
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: The Topological and Chaoticity Properties

    paper_ed24_18.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size308736
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Transitions symmetries shape in 176196Pt isotopes with interacting boson model

    paper_ed24_19.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size129536
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: استخلاص وتنقية البروتين المرتبط بالفايبرونكتين

    paper_ed24_20.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size1052160
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: اشتقاق قاعدة لحساب التكاملات الثنائية وصيغ الخطأ باستخدام قاعدتي شبه المنحرف وسمبسون

    paper_ed24_21.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size29752
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: المستشفى التعليمي الفوائد المهنية و العلمية والاقتصادية

    paper_ed24_22.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size295784
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: المقاومة المتعددة للمضادات الحيوية في بكتريا Helicobacter pylori

    paper_ed24_23.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size262656
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: انتاج واستخلاص والتنقية الجزئيه لاانزيم البروتييز من بكتريا Pseudomonas aeruginosa B3

    paper_ed24_24.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size2556416
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: انتشار ألإصابة بداء الأكياس العدرية في مجزرة محافظة بابل

    paper_ed24_25.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size159232
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تأثير التركيز وعدد رشات من السماد العضوي Seamino في النمو الخضري لنبات الكاردينيا Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis

    paper_ed24_26.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size382976
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تأثير ضوء الشمس والمواد الدبالية على سمية النفط الخام الحادة والمزمنة للنوع Simocephalus expinosus

    paper_ed24_27.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size54091
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تاثير حامضي الاسكوربيك و السالسليك في ازالة سمية كلوريد الكادميوم بدلالة تكوين الجذور Vigna radiata L Wilczek العرضية

    paper_ed24_28.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size330240
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: تحديد المرتبة الطيفية ودرجة الحرارة السطحية والعناصر للنجوم

    paper_ed24_29.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition24, Size316416
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: دراسة الخواص الفسيولوجية كمعزز حيوي لعصيات بكتريا حامض اللبنيك المعزولة من منتجات الالبان المحلية في مدينة اربيل

    paper_ed24_30.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size869376
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: A simple Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper II using 4 6 bromo 2 benzothiazolylazo Pyrogallol a

    paper_ed25_1.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size1620345
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Anatomical and Histological Study of The Optic Tectum In Diurnal

    paper_ed25_2.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size367616
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Assessment of ground water quality at Basrah Iraq by water quality index WQI

    paper_ed25_3.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size245248
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Characterization of PMMA CoCl2 Composites

    paper_ed25_4.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size96768
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Designing A Filter System For Web Security

    paper_ed25_5.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size138752
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Effect of addition ferrous chloride FeCl2 on some A.C and D C electrical properties of polystyrene

    paper_ed25_6.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size585728
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Effect of molecular weight on electrical properties of

    paper_ed25_7.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size388096
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Effect of Polluted Water on Chromosomes

    paper_ed25_8.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size1852416
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Electronic structure of aluminum arsenide nanocrystals

    paper_ed25_9.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size326906
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Enhancing Attribute Oriented Induction Of Data Mining

    paper_ed25_10.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size421376
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: EVOLUTION OF RANDOM VECTORS ALONG SINGLE-MODE FIBER IN PRESENCE OF CONVENTIONAL POLARIZATION EFFECTS

    paper_ed25_11.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size238592
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Human and Sheep Hydatidosis Hemato Comparative Study

    paper_ed25_12.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size173056
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Immunological study of patients with asthma

    paper_ed25_13.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size140800
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Impact Of Urinary Incontinence Among Menopausal Women on Self Efficacy In Babylon City

    paper_ed25_14.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size418304
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Kinetic and Mechanism of Oxidation of Formic acid by Cerium IV

    paper_ed25_15.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size326144
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Some of the physical properties for ZnO thin films prepard by pulse laser deposition technique for

    paper_ed25_16.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size2530304
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Some Properties On Orlicz Sequence and Spaces

    paper_ed25_17.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size400384
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Structural Characterization of Nanoparticles Prepared by laser Ablation of Gold target in water

    paper_ed25_18.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size2609152
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Study of The Electronic Properties For Cyanobenzene Molecules group B3LYP Density Functional Theory Calculations

    paper_ed25_19.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size338414
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Study the Effect of Amino Radicals on the Electronic Properties of Silabutadiene Rings

    paper_ed25_20.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size3137024
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Synthesis and characterization of new yrazoles rings from Schiff base

    paper_ed25_21.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size307200
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Systematic study of even-even 20 32Mg isotopes

    paper_ed25_22.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition25, Size147968
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Taxonomy of Packet Classification Algorithms

    paper_ed25_23.doc[^]

  • Associated Metadata: Catelogue:applied, Edition:edition27, Size7162880
    Description: Type: Journal, Title: Assessment of Chemokine Interleukin8 and Interferon ? IFN ? among Autoimmune Hepatitis patients in association with certain viral infections

    paper_ed27_3.doc[^]

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Open data is the idea that some data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control. The goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other "open" movements such as open source, open hardware, open content, and open access. The philosophy behind open data has been long established (for example in the Mertonian tradition of science), but the term "open data" itself is recent, gaining popularity with the rise of the Internet and World Wide Web and, especially, with the launch of open-data government initiatives


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